Melatonin Gummies vs Sleeping Pills: A Comprehensive Comparison (OUMaO)
Countries: United States - Canada - Australia
melatonin gummies vs sleeping pills OUMaO
Melatonin gummies and sleeping pills are two popular sleep aids used to help individuals fall asleep and stay asleep. While both options have their benefits, they differ significantly in terms of ingredients, mechanisms of action, and potential benefits. Melatonin gummies, such as THRIVE Sleep Gummies, contain melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Sleeping pills, on the other hand, often contain a variety of ingredients, including benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines, which can have different effects on the body.
Research has shown that melatonin gummies can be an effective and safe alternative to traditional sleeping pills. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine found that melatonin supplements can improve sleep quality and reduce sleep latency. In contrast, sleeping pills can have potential risks, including dependence, withdrawal, and interactions with other medications.
When choosing a sleep aid, it's essential to consider the potential benefits and risks of each option. Melatonin gummies, such as Natrol Melatonin Gummies, can provide a natural and gentle way to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Sleeping pills, while effective for some individuals, can have potential drawbacks, including morning grogginess and rebound insomnia.
The Science Behind Melatonin Gummies
Melatonin gummies work by regulating the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain. The production of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light. When melatonin levels are high, the body feels sleepy, and when levels are low, the body feels alert.
Melatonin supplements, including melatonin gummies, can help increase melatonin levels in the body, promoting relaxation and sleepiness. Research has shown that melatonin supplements can be effective in reducing sleep latency, improving sleep quality, and increasing sleep duration. Additionally, melatonin gummies can be a convenient and easy-to-use alternative to traditional sleep aids.
When choosing a melatonin supplement, it's essential to consider the quality of the product. Look for products that are made with high-quality ingredients, are free from artificial additives, and have a clear label indicating the amount of melatonin per serving. Natrol Melatonin Gummies, for example, are a popular choice among consumers, offering a natural and effective way to support sleep.
Sleeping Pills: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Risks
Sleeping pills, also known as hypnotics, work by depressing the central nervous system, making it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep. There are several types of sleeping pills, including benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepines, and sedating antidepressants. Each type of sleeping pill has its own mechanism of action, benefits, and risks.
Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax) and clonazepam (Klonopin), work by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep. Non-benzodiazepines, such as zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta), work by binding to GABA receptors, promoting relaxation and sleepiness.
Sedating antidepressants, such as trazodone (Oleptro) and amitriptyline (Elavil), work by increasing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, neurotransmitters that help regulate mood and sleep. While sleeping pills can be effective in the short-term, they can have potential risks, including dependence, withdrawal, and interactions with other medications.
It's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using any sleep aid, including sleeping pills. They can help determine the best course of treatment and monitor potential side effects. Additionally, it's crucial to follow the recommended dosage and usage instructions to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Expert Opinions: Insights from Specialists
Experts in the field of sleep medicine agree that melatonin gummies can be a safe and effective alternative to traditional sleeping pills. According to Dr. Michael Breus, a sleep specialist, "Melatonin is a natural hormone that can help regulate sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin supplements, including melatonin gummies, can be a convenient and easy-to-use alternative to traditional sleep aids."
Dr. Breus also notes that "sleeping pills can have potential risks, including dependence, withdrawal, and interactions with other medications. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using any sleep aid, including sleeping pills." Additionally, Dr. Breus recommends choosing a high-quality melatonin supplement, such as Natrol Melatonin Gummies, to ensure safety and efficacy.
A study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine found that melatonin supplements can improve sleep quality and reduce sleep latency. The study also noted that melatonin supplements can be a safe and effective alternative to traditional sleeping pills. However, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using any sleep aid, including melatonin supplements.
User Reviews: Real-Life Experiences with Melatonin Gummies
Users who have tried melatonin gummies, such as THRIVE Sleep Gummies, report positive experiences with the product. Many users have reported improved sleep quality, reduced sleep latency, and increased sleep duration. Some users have also reported a reduction in morning grogginess and an improvement in overall mood.
One user reported, "I was skeptical about trying melatonin gummies, but I was desperate for a good night's sleep. I started taking THRIVE Sleep Gummies, and I was amazed at how well they worked. I fell asleep faster, slept more soundly, and woke up feeling refreshed and alert."
Another user reported, "I've tried several sleep aids in the past, but none of them have worked as well as melatonin gummies. I take Natrol Melatonin Gummies every night, and I've noticed a significant improvement in my sleep quality. I no longer wake up during the night, and I feel more rested and refreshed in the morning."
While individual results may vary, many users have reported positive experiences with melatonin gummies. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using any sleep aid, including melatonin gummies, to ensure safety and efficacy.
Comparing Melatonin Gummies and Sleeping Pills: A Detailed Analysis
Characteristic |
Melatonin Gummies |
Sleeping Pills |
Ingredients |
Melatonin |
Varying ingredients, including benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines |
Mechanism of Action |
Regulates sleep-wake cycles |
Depresses central nervous system |
Benefits |
Improves sleep quality, reduces sleep latency, and increases sleep duration |
Helps fall asleep and stay asleep |
Risks |
Generally considered safe, but may interact with other medications |
Dependence, withdrawal, and interactions with other medications |
In conclusion, melatonin gummies and sleeping pills have different characteristics, benefits, and risks. Melatonin gummies, such as THRIVE Sleep Gummies, can provide a natural and gentle way to regulate sleep-wake cycles, while sleeping pills can have potential drawbacks, including dependence and withdrawal.
When choosing a sleep aid, it's essential to consider the potential benefits and risks of each option. Consult a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment and ensure safety and efficacy. Additionally, choose a high-quality product, such as Natrol Melatonin Gummies, to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The Benefits of Choosing Melatonin Gummies
Melatonin gummies, such as THRIVE Sleep Gummies, offer several benefits over traditional sleeping pills. They provide a natural and gentle way to regulate sleep-wake cycles, improving sleep quality and reducing sleep latency. Melatonin gummies are also generally considered safe, with minimal risk of dependence or withdrawal.
In addition to their safety and efficacy, melatonin gummies are also convenient and easy to use. They come in a variety of flavors and can be taken as needed, making them a popular choice among consumers. Natrol Melatonin Gummies, for example, are a popular choice among consumers, offering a natural and effective way to support sleep.
When choosing a melatonin supplement, it's essential to consider the quality of the product. Look for products that are made with high-quality ingredients, are free from artificial additives, and have a clear label indicating the amount of melatonin per serving. By choosing a high-quality melatonin supplement, such as THRIVE Sleep Gummies, you can ensure safety and efficacy, and
Countries: United States - Canada - Australia
Melatonin: How Much Should You Take? - Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials
Taking a melatonin supplement is scientifically proven to help you get a better night's sleep and can be used as a treatment for a number of sleep problems. Melatonin supplements come in a variety of different forms, most commonly as pills or gummies.
Do sleep supplements like melatonin or tart cherry work?
Are Gummies a Good Way to Take Supplements? - The People's …
Unlike some sleep aids, melatonin supplements are not believed to be habit-forming, and they have relatively mild side effects. ... They also come in an array of formulations, including slow- and fast-release pills, gummies, dissolvable tablets, liquids, gels, creams, and patches. …
Mayo Clinic Minute: What are the benefits, risks of sleeping with ...
PureZzzs Sleep Supplements: Melatonin and Herbals - ZzzQuil
In the bustling heart of Lahore, amidst its vibrant streets and colorful bazaars, Hina, a dedicated schoolteacher, faced a common yet distressing challenge: insomnia. Despite her energetic personality and passion for teaching, her nights were restless, filled with tossing and turning, which led her to seek relief throu
Olly Sleep Reviews - Are Olly Sleep Gummies Worth It?
Sleeping Pills vs. Melatonin Gummies: What’s the Better Option?
Melatonin Gummies vs Pills: Pros, Cons, How to Choose
7 Best Melatonin Gummies in 2025 | For Adults - Neurogan
9 Melatonin Side Effects to Watch Out For, Doctors Say
Olly vs Natrol Melatonin: Which Is Best for You - MELO Labs, Inc.
Compare Sleep Aids: Understanding the Differences - Sleep Foundation
VICKS ZzzQuil Natura Sleep Melatonin 48 Gummies. Melatonin Gummies Wildberry Vanilla Flavor with Chamomile, Lavender and other Botanical extracts This product contains 1.6mg melatonin per 2 servings of gummy. 1mg melatonin when taken close to bedtime may help reduce the time to fall asleep.
Melatonin and Sleeping Pills | Patient Education - UCSF Health
Buy Carbamide Forte Sleeping Pills Melatonin 10mg Gummies For Better Sleep Raspbeerry flavour online at best prices on Nykaa to avail express shipping with great offers.
MidNite Deep Sleep Extra Strength, 10 mg Melatonin Sleep Aid, …
Melatonin Gummies Vs Pills: Which is Better? - Performance Lab®
Melatonin for Sleep: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, and More - Healthline
ZzzQuil Natura Sleep Melatonin 48 Gummies - Watsons Philippines
Best Melatonin Supplements Australia (updated 2024) - Sleep …
Melatonin Gummies vs Pills: Pros, Cons, How to Choose
why do melatonin gummies work much better than capsules? : r/sleep - Reddit
The 10 Best Melatonin Supplements, According to Dietitians - Health
The gummies I found have L-theanine and other natural supplements. Most sleep aids have the opposite effect on me and I built up a resistance to melatonin. I was off for a while tried the gummies and I’ve been sleeping more consistently. I used to wake up in the middle of the night and have a hard time falling asleep due to an overactive mind.
Sleeping Pills vs Melatonin Gummies: Which Is Better?
Long-term melatonin therapy for adolescents and young adults with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset: Evaluation of sleep quality, chronotype, and lifestyle factors compared to ...
Melatonin (Sleep) : Buy Melatonin (Sleep) Products Online in …
The botanical blend is a unique fusion of chamomile, lavender, and lemon balm. These fast-acting gummies^ also have 5x more melatonin compared to PURE Zzzs Melatonin Gummies. From the World’s #1 Sleep Aid Brand.† Better days start with ZzzQuil Nights and ZzzQuil PURE Zzzs Advanced 10mg Melatonin Gummies. ^vs. placebo.
Melatonin: How Much Should You Take? - Cleveland Clinic …
Best Melatonin Supplements Australia (updated 2024) - Sleep Society
6 Foods High in Melatonin and Why You Need It - WebMD
Melatonin: Usage, Side Effects, and Safety - Sleep Foundation
(2-Pack) Melatonin Gummies for Adults | Extra Strength Sleep Aid ...
Here's How Melatonin Pills Vs. Gummies Affect Your Body - Bustle
Best Sleep Gummies – Our 10 Favorites for Taste and Effectiveness
I started taking melatonin gummies and it’s been working out
Melatonin Gummies Vs Pills: Which is Better? - Performance Lab®
21 Best Melatonin Gummies To Help Your Insomnia & Give You …
Melatonin: What You Need To Know | NCCIH - National Center …
CBD vs. Melatonin for Sleep | Which Should I Choose? - Neurogan
Magnesium: An essential mineral, magnesium can improve sleep because it helps in the regulation of melatonin.If you're hesitant to supplement melatonin directly, you could try supplementing ...
How Long Does Melatonin Take to Work? - Sleep Foundation
Sleep aids: Natural vs. over-the-counter vs. prescription pills
Sleep Gummies UK | CBD, Melatonin & More - ZenBears®
Because melatonin isn’t regulated by the FDA, levels of melatonin have been shown to be 80% to 400% of the advertised amount. Plus, when considering melatonin for your child , there’s other ...
The Problem With Sleeping Pills . Sleeping pills come in so many forms, names, shapes, and sizes. Most of them can be classified as a sedative hypnotic. Lunesta and Ambien are among the most widely used prescription sleeping pills in the United States, with an average of 8.6 million Americans using Ambien from 2005 to 2010 alone. On top of that ...
Melatonin and Sleeping Pills | Patient Education - UCSF Health
9 Best Melatonin Supplements of 2024, According to Dietitians
TruHeight Sleep Gummies - Kids & Teen Natural Sleep Aid for …
Natrol Melatonin Gummies, Sleep Support for Adults, 5 mg Melatonin ...
Carbamide Forte Sleeping Pills Melatonin 10mg Gummies For
Natrol Melatonin Gummies, Sleep Support for Adults, 10 mg Melatonin ...
Melatonin gummies appear to be as effective as melatonin tablets or pills, but not everyone stands to benefit from taking a melatonin supplement. Evidence suggests that melatonin may be effective for jet lag and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, while research is sparse or conflicting for conditions like shift work disorder and insomnia.
Melatonin and sleep: 6 things to know | Kaiser Permanente
What Is The Difference Between Sleeping Pills And Melatonin?
The Benefits of Taking Melatonin Gummies for Sleep - Sleep Care Pro
Melatonin vs Zzzquil: Which Sleep Aid Is Best for You
UpLife – Best Gummies for Sleep, Sleeping Gummies in India
VICKS ZzzQuil Natura Sleep Melatonin 48 Gummies. Melatonin Gummies Wildberry Vanilla Flavor with Chamomile, Lavender and other Botanical extracts This product contains 1.6mg melatonin per 2 servings of gummy. 1mg melatonin when taken close to bedtime may help reduce the time to fall asleep.
Best Melatonin Supplements Of 2025, According To Experts
ZzzQuil PURE Zzzs Triple Action, 6mg Melatonin Gummies, 3X Melatonin ...
Melatonin by Form: Pros and Cons of Pills, Gummies, …
Melatonin vs Zzzquil: Which Sleep Aid Is Best for You
CBD vs. Melatonin: Which Is Better? - The Brothers Apothecary
CBD vs Melatonin Gummies for Sleep: Everything You Need to …
Comparing CBN vs. Melatonin For Restful Sleep - FOCL
Melatonin Showdown: Gummies vs. Pills - nutribal.com
Melatonin Gummies vs. Pills vs. Powder | Moon Juice
Are Melatonin Sleep Patches Effective? - Sleep Advisor
Evidence suggests that melatonin gummies may help some people with a variety of sleep problems, including delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, jet lag, and a handful of other conditions. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: People with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder fall asleep late and wake up late.
Olly Sleep Gummies Review - Must Read This Before Buying
Melatonin by Form: Pros and Cons of Pills, Gummies, and Liquids
Melatonin for Sleep: Does It Work? - Johns Hopkins Medicine
Is Human Melatonin Safe for Dogs? Critical Insights, Dosage …
Experts: Don’t Mistake Melatonin for a ‘Natural’ Sleeping Pill
Melatonin Gummies Harga Termurah - Kualitas Terbaik - Tokopedia
Sleeping Pills vs Melatonin Gummies: Which Is Better?
Melatonin Dosage for Older Adults. Adults older than age 65 should speak with a doctor before taking any melatonin supplements. Melatonin supplement use has not been widely studied in this age group and may come with additional risks. Trusted Source National Institutes of Health (NIH) The NIH, a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation's medical research agency ...
Sleeping Pills Vs Melatonin Sleeping Aids - Meds News
Melatonin side effects: What are the risks? - Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic Minute: What are the benefits, risks of sleeping with ...
Melatonin Gummies vs. Tablets and Drops: Unveiling the Sweet …
CBD vs. Melatonin for Sleep | Which Should I Choose? - Neurogan
7 Melatonin Mistakes Sleep Doctors Want You to Avoid - Everyday Health
Melatonin vs. CBD: Sleep, Benefits, Downsides - Healthline
Cannabis vs. Sleeping Pills: Which Is Better For Sleep?
Melatonin Showdown: Gummies vs. Pills Melatonin has become a popular over-the-counter aid for those struggling with sleep irregularities. With a growing awareness of the importance of a good night's sleep for overall health, people are increasingly turning to melatonin supplements to help regulate their sleep cycles. A
Melatonin Dosage: How Much Should You Take - Sleep Foundation
Best Melatonin Supplements of 2024 - Gummy, Pill, & Liquid Options
Melatonin Dosage: How Much Should You Take - Sleep Foundation
Melatonin for Sleep: Does It Work? - Johns Hopkins Medicine
Is It Safe to Take Melatonin Every Night? | Sleep Foundation
MidNite Sleep Aid Review (Previous Version) - No Sleepless Nights
Can You Take Melatonin & Sleeping Pills at the Same Time?
Sleeping pills and melatonin are both commonly used methods to assist with sleep, but they have distinct differences. While sleeping pills are medications that induce sleep …
The Benefits of Taking Melatonin Gummies for Sleep - Sleep …
With an impressive 160k Instagram followers, Olly has made their sleep gummies with your body’s natural sleep hormone melatonin and other botanicals to help boost your natural sleep cycle. This Olly Sleep Gummies review will go over its ingredients, benefits, possible downsides, customer ratings, promotions, and all other details you need ...
Sleeping Pills vs Melatonin: Understanding the Differences
Should you take melatonin gummies to fall asleep fast? Here's what a ...
Melatonin Gummies Vs Pills: the Sleep Battle - plattershare.com
Melatonin Vitamin B6 Gum x 60 Gummies - Watsons Philippines
Melatonin: Benefits, Uses, Side Effects and Dosage - Healthline
Melatonin, What It Does, and the Best Ways to Take It - WebMD
why do melatonin gummies work much better than capsules? : …
Creekside Naturals Children’s Sleep Aid, Real Fruit Chews, 0.5 …
The 10 Best Melatonin Supplements, According to …
ZzzQuil Pure Zzzs, Advanced 10mg Melatonin Gummies, Sleep …
9 Melatonin Side Effects to Watch Out For, Doctors Say
Melatonin Gummies vs. Pills vs. Powder | Moon Juice
Marijuana vs Melatonin: Which Is Better For A Good Night’s Sleep?
what happens if i pop 20 melatonin pills at the same time?
10 Best Melatonin Supplements in the Philippines 2024 | Buying …
The 8 best melatonin supplements, according to experts
Melatonin vs. Benadryl: Which Is Better for Sleep? - GoodRx
Carbamide Forte Melatonin 10mg sleep Gummies for Men & Women | Sleep ...
Sleeping Pills vs Melatonin: Understanding the Differences
Melatonin Gummies Vs Pills: the Sleep Battle - plattershare.com
THRIVE Sleep Gummies - Melatonin Sleep Gummies - THRIVE …
Sleeping Pills vs. Melatonin Gummies: What's the Better Option?
Melatonin side effects: What are the risks? - Mayo Clinic
Melatonin Showdown: Gummies vs. Pills - nutribal.com
Melatonin: What You Need To Know | NCCIH - National Center for ...
Is It Bad to Take Melatonin Every Night? Are There Risks?
Cannabis vs. Sleeping Pills: Which Is Better For Sleep?
Experts: Don't Mistake Melatonin for a 'Natural' Sleeping Pill
Melatonin gummies vs sleeping pills : r/Anxiety - Reddit
Natrol Melatonin Gummies, Sleep Support for Adults, 10 mg Melatonin ...
Best Sleep Gummies - Our 10 Favorites for Taste and Effectiveness
Mellows Relaxing Sleep Gummies Supplement – Cloudy
Melatonin gummies are largely being absorbed in the mouth, similar to sublingual tablets (the ones you dissolve under your tongue and which are faster still), whereas capsules don’t start …
Melatonin Vitamin B6 Gum x 60 Gummies - Watsons …
Sleeping Pills vs. Melatonin Gummies: What’s the Better Option?
8 Best Melatonin Products That Are Safe for Kids - Healthline
10 Best Melatonin Supplements in the Philippines 2024 | Buying Guide ...
Are melatonin pills and gummies actually doing anything?
ZzzQuil Natura Sleep Melatonin 48 Gummies - Watsons Philippines
7 Melatonin Mistakes Sleep Doctors Want You to Avoid
The Dangerous Truth Behind Melatonin Gummies | Sleep.com
The Truth About Melatonin Addiction - Cleveland Clinic Health …
Marijuana vs Melatonin: Which Is Better For A Good Night's Sleep?
Like all medicines, melatonin can cause side effects, but most people will not have any side effects. Common side effects. Melatonin does not have many common side effects but there are things you can do to help cope with them: Feeling sleepy or tired in the daytime
Should you take melatonin gummies to fall asleep fast? Here's …
The Best Melatonin for Sleep, According to a Registered Dietitian
The Dangerous Truth Behind Melatonin Gummies | Sleep.com
What melatonin gummies or pills do you recommend?? I’ve been …
Compare Sleep Aids: Understanding the Differences - Sleep …
Melatonin: What Is It and Can It Help You Sleep? - WebMD
WELLSPRING Melatonin Sleep Aid Gummies for Sleep Passionfruit Flavor 60 Gummies. Look forward to having a great night sleep with our Melatonin Gummies - our gummies contain melatonin you relax and promotes calm …
Melatonin: What Is It and Can It Help You Sleep? - WebMD
Here's How Melatonin Pills Vs. Gummies Affect Your Body - Bustle
CBD vs. Melatonin: Which Is Better? - The Brothers Apothecary
What Happens if You Take Melatonin With Alcohol? - Sleep …
Mayo Clinic Minute: What are the benefits, risks of sleeping with ...
Melatonin: What It Is & Function - Cleveland Clinic
Melatonin - Manfaat, Dosis, dan Efek Samping - Alodokter
Discrepancies Found for Melatonin Gummies: Melatonin gummies have become a popular way for people to take this supplement. A small study published in JAMA shows that doses of this hormone taken as a sleep aid may vary widely from the labeled amount (JAMA, April 25, 2023). Of 25 products tested, most had more than the listed dose, including one ...
Melatonin for Sleep: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, and More
Melatonin Showdown: Gummies vs. Pills Melatonin has become a popular over-the-counter aid for those struggling with sleep irregularities. With a growing awareness of the importance of a …
Amazon.com: Creekside Naturals Children’s Sleep Aid, Real Fruit Chews, 0.5 mg Melatonin Sleep Supplement with Chamomile, Pediatrician Formulated Vegan Gummies, Strawberry Flavor, 60 Fruit Chews : Health & Household
The Benefits of Taking Melatonin Gummies for Sleep - Sleep …
Mommy's Bliss Kids Sleep Liquid comes in a kid-friendly grape flavor, making it more enjoyable for kids to take a melatonin supplement. However, unlike gummies, it doesn't look like candy, so ...
Has anyone tried buying OTC sleeping pills? : r/Philippines - Reddit
Melatonin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage (Kids/Adults) - Drugs.com
Sleeping Pills Vs Melatonin Sleeping Aids - Meds News
Sleeping Pills vs Melatonin: Understanding the Differences
What happens when you take too much melatonin? - BBC
Similar
OUMaO
melatonin gummies vs sleeping pills
The Benefits and Effects of Pure Relief CBD Gummies for Overall Well-being (bVUsX) Nuvita CBD Reviews: A Comprehensive Guide to Quality CBD Products (yzHVk) Comprehensive Guide to CBD Foot Cream Reviews: Benefits, Effectiveness, and User Feedback (CYsrU) Navigating Gummy Bear CBD Side Effects: A Comprehensive Guide to Safe and Effective Use (AEgFs) Finding the Best Omega 3 Gummies for Adults: A Comprehensive Guide to Heart Health and Wellness (maDCL) Men's Health CBD Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide to Tailored Wellness (SIfdy) CBD American Shaman Fort Myers Reviews: A Comprehensive Guide to CBD Products and Services (rkQRS) Green Roads CBD Oil Review: A Comprehensive Analysis of Benefits and Effectiveness (LlEEV) CBD Gummies Sleep Reviews: A Comprehensive Guide to Improving Your Rest with CBD (lmWrs) Do THC Gummies Help Sleep: A Comprehensive Guide (UBnjR)